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From Gutenberg to OpenType
This book draws together the development of type and type design from its inception to the present day. It examines the influences that prompted men of letters to apply their minds to mechanical writing and how printing and type production was adopted as a craft, a trade, and later a giant industry.
Huge cultural, social, and economic changes
have occurred over the centuries since Gutenberg and in parallel to these, together with art, architecture and fashion, can be traced the evolution of typeforms and graphic expression.
Despite the great strides taken in recent years to digitally liberate our typeforms, and the growth of new and exciting fonts, the historical references remain very strong.
From the beginnings of mechanical type and through the development of the typographic artform, it may be that we have completed a full circle - from the free handwriting of manuscripts to the free expression of digital letterforms, computer generated and customised type.
1 - Before Printing
Uncial Evolves
Charlemagne
Secular Scriptoria
Gothic & Black Letter
The Birth of Printing
2 - The Renaissance
Johannes Gutenberg & Movable Type
Aldus Manutius & the Italian Old-Face
Bembo: the Italian Old-Face
Claude Garamond & the French Old-Face
Christopher Plantin & the Netherlands Old-Face
3 - The Enlightenment
William Caslon & the English Old-Face
Caslon: the Last Old-Face
The King's Roman: the Transition Begins
Pierre Simon Fournier & the Point System
Baskerville & Typography as an Art Form
The Didot Family & the Modern Face
Bodoni & the Modern Face
Bodoni & the Typeface Itself
4 - The Machine Age
The Fat-face & the Slab-serif Egyptians
Slab-serifs: the Types
Clarendon: The Fann Street Foundry
19th-century Technical Developments
William Morris & Looking Back for the Way Ahead
Cheltenham: the Old-style
Making Type in the 19th Century
Theodore L. Devinne & New Century
5 - Introduction to Early Modernism
Morris Fuller Benton & Franklin Gothic
The Influences on Modernism in the 20th Century
The Bauhaus & the New Typography
Paul Renner & Futura
Futura: the Typeface itself
Stanley Morison & Times New Roman
Times New Roman: the Typeface Itself
Some American Type Designers
Eric Gill & his Sans-Serif
6 - After the Second World War
Max Miedinger & Helvetica
Helvetica: the Typeface Itself
The Impact of the International Style
Adrian Frutiger & the Photo Sans-Serif
Univers: the Typeface Itself
Hermann Zapf & Palatino
Palatino: the Typeface Itself
American Graphic Design Before and After the Second World War
Optima Sans-Serif: the Typeface Itself
From Letterpress to Offset Lithography
From Metal Type to Phototypesetting
Frutiger: The Other Sans-Serif
7 - The Postmodernist Era
The New Wave: Postmodern Typographic Design
Enter The Personal Computer
Hermann Zapf: About Script Fonts and Zapfino
Zapfino: Better with OpenType
8 - Digital Typefoundries
The Relative Newcomers
Smaller Foundries
9 - Type Recognition and Classification
Glossary
Index
Acknowledgments
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