Computing with Social Trust

Description

As open, distributed systems like the Web continue to grow, and more and more content created by users becomes available, the question of whom and what can be trusted becomes increasingly important. This book looks at one solution - social trust relationships - and examines the challenging research problems raised by computing with social trust.

In bringing together important research in computing social trust from both computer science and related disciplines, this book provides an invaluable overview of the area. Divided into three parts, the first - Models of Social Trust - addresses theory, behaviour and trust management, analysing how trust is developed, the dynamics of trust relationships, and systems for trust management. Part Two - Propagation of Trust - describes algorithms and methods for computing trust in social contexts. Social networks, profile similarity, and participation in online communities are all sources from which trust can be computed. The final part - Applications of Trust - contains applications such as recommender systems, website access control, and email filtering, where trust can improve functionality.

With contributions from leading researchers in the area of social trust, this book will be welcomed by researchers and graduate students in computer science and information systems, as well as those working in related disciplines where trust may be an issue (such as communications and psychology).

CONTENTS:

1. Introduction to Computing with Social Trust

      Jennifer Golbeck

         1. The Need for Social Trust

         2. Challenges to Computing with Social Trust

         3. Future Questions

         4. Conclusions

      References

      Part I Models of Social Trust

   2. Examining Trust, Forgiveness and Regret as Computational Concepts

      Stephen Marsh and Pamela Briggs

         1. Introduction

         2. Why is Trust Important? Why a Formalization?

         3. A Parable of The Modern Age

         4. A Brief Sojourn to 'Human Factors': Why Not Call it

         5. Trust After All

         6. Trust as Was

         7. What Can't Trust Give Us?

         8. Trust As Is, Part Zero: The Dark Side

               1. Distrust

               2. Mistrust

               3. Untrust

               4. Ignorance is

               5. The Continuum, Revisited

               6. Continuing a Difficult Relationship

         9. Regret

               1. What Regret Is

               2. The Many Faces of Regret

               3. Modeling Regret

        10. Trust as Is, Part One: Building Regret into Trust

        11. Forgiveness and The Blind and Toothless

               1. What Forgiveness Is

               2. A Model of Forgiveness

        12. Trust As Is, Part Two: The Incorporation of Forgiveness

               1. The Trust Continuum, Revised: The Limits of

               2. Forgiveness

        13. Applications: Revisiting the Parable and Imagining the Future

               1. The Parable at Work

               2. Regret Management

        14. Related Work

        15. Trust as Will Be: Future Work and Conclusions

      References

   3. A non-reductionist approach to trust

      Cristiano Castelfranchi, Rino Falcone, and Emiliano Lorini

         1. Introduction

         2. Desiderata for a logical model of social trust

         3. A logic for trust reasoning

               1. Syntax and semantics

               2. Axiomatization

               3. Possibility orders over formulas

               4. Execution preconditions for action execution

         4. A formal ontology of Trust

               1. Core trust

               2. Distrust, lack of trust and mistrust

               3. Delegation and decision to trust

         5. Comparative trust

         6. Conclusion

      References

   4. Social Trust of Virtual Identities

      Jean-Marc Seigneur

         1. Introduction

               1. Identity Terminology

               2. Computational Trust Terminology

         2. Flawed Trust Computation due to Simplistic Identity Approach

               1. Computational Trust under Identity Usurpation and Multiplicity Attacks

               2. Remaining ASUP Issues due to Identity Shortcomings

         3. Entification: Bridging Trust and Virtual Identities

               1. Recognition rather than Authentication

               2. End-to-End Trust

               3. Means for Recognition Adaptation

               4. Encouraging Privacy and Still Supporting Trust

               5. Accuracy and Attack-Resistance of the Trust Values

         4. Entification Framework Evaluation

               1. Trust Transfer Applied to the Email Domain

               2. ASUP Evaluation

         5. Conclusion

      References

      Part II Propagation of Trust

   5. Attack resistant trust metrics

      Raph Levien

         1. Introduction

         2. Attack resistance

               1. Redundant certification paths

         3. 3 Group trust metric

               1. Proof of attack resistance

         4. Implementation in Advogato

         5. Eigenvector trust metrics

               1. Stochastic model of PageRank

               2. Attack resistance of PageRank

               3. Advogato's eigenvector metric

      References

   6. On Propagating Interpersonal Trust in Social Networks

      Cai-Nicolas Ziegler

         1. Introduction

         2. Trust in Social Networks

               1. Classification of Trust Metrics

               2. Semantic Web Trust

         3. Local Group Trust Metrics

               1. Outline of Advogato Maxflow

               2. Appleseed Trust Metric

               3. Comparison of Advogato and Appleseed

               4. Parameterization and Experiments

               5. Implementation and Extensions

               6. Testbed for Local Group Trust Metrics

         4. Distrust

               1. Semantics of Distrust

               2. Incorporating Distrust into Appleseed

         5. Discussion

         6. Acknowledgements

      References

       

   7. The Ripple Effect: Change in Trust and Its Impact over a Social Network

      Jennifer Golbeck and Ugur Kuter

         1. Introduction

         2. Trust Inference Algorithms

               1. Local vs Global

               2. Central Authority vs. Group vs. Individual

               3. Computation Methods

         3. Algorithms Studied

               1. Inference Algorithms Based on Matrix Arithmetic

               2. Network-Path Inference Algorithms

         4. Experimental Setup

         5. Results

               1. Number and Distance of Changes

               2. The Magnitude of Change

               3. Influence of the Network Structure

               4. Other Changes in Trust Inference

         6. Discussion and Conclusions

      References

      Part III Applications of Trust

       

   8. Eliciting Informative Feedback: The Peer-Prediction Method

      Nolan Miller and Paul Resnick and Richard Zeckhauser

         1. Introduction

         2. A Mechanism for Eliciting Honest Feedback

               1. The Base Case

               2. Eliciting Effort and Deterring Bribes

               3. Voluntary Participation and Budget Balance

         3. Extensions

               1. Sequential Interaction

               2. Continuous Signals

         4. Issues in Practical Application

               1. Risk Aversion

               2. Choosing a Scoring Rule

               3. Estimating Types, Priors, and Signal Distributions

               4. Taste Differences Among Raters

               5. Non-Common Priors and Other Private Information

               6. Other Potential Limitations

         5. Conclusion

            References

         6. Proofs

         7. Eliciting Effort

      References

       

   9. Capturing Trust in Social Web Applications

      John O'Donovan

         1. Introduction

         2. Research on Trust in the Social Web

         3. Trust Sources on the Social Web

         4. Source 1: Modeling Trust from Ratings in ACF Recommender Systems

               1. Combining Trust in ACF

               2. Capturing Profile-Level & Item-Level Trust

               3. Trust-Based Recommendation

               4. Evaluation

               5. Building Trust

               6. Recommendation Error

               7. Discussion

         5. Source 2: Extracting Trust From Online Auction Feedback Comments

               1. The AuctionRules Algorithm

         6. Evaluation

               1. Setup

               2. Comparing AuctionRules With Machine Learning Techniques

               3. Coverage and Distribution Experiments

         7. Discussion

         8. Source 3: Extracting Trust through an Interactive Interface

               1. Fair Representation of Genre Information

               2. Visualising Trust Relations in PeerChooser

               3. Implementation

         9. Evaluation

               1. Experimental Data

               2. Rating Distributions

               3. Procedure

               4. Recommendation Accuracy

        10. Comparison of different Trust Sources

        11. Conclusions

      References

       

  10. Trust Metrics in Recommender Systems

      Paolo Massa and Paolo Avesani

         1. Introduction

         2. Motivations

         3. Our proposal: Trust-aware Recommender Systems

               1. Trust networks and trust metrics

               2. An Architecture of Trust-aware Recommender Systems

               3. How trust alleviates RS weaknesses

               4. Related work

         4. Empirical validation

               1. Dataset used in experiments: Epinions

               2. New evaluation measures

               3. Results of the experiments

         5. Discussion of results

         6. Conclusions

      References

       

  11. Trust and Online Reputation Systems

      Ming Kwan and Deepak Ramachandran

         1. Introduction

               1. What is trust?

         2. The Complex World of Online Trust

               1. Learning to gauge intention

               2. Evaluating and Validating Competence

         3. Web 1.0 vs. Web 2.0

               1. How can it help me?

         4. The New Model of Online Trust

         5. Reputation

               1. Trouble in Paradise - the SAP Developer Network

               2. When to use reputation as the basis for trust

         6. Relationship

               1. Social Networking

               2. Opening up APIs

               3. Exploiting the value of social networks

               4. iLike...to share...and lend

               5. Sponsored Groups

               6. When to use relationship as the basis for trust

         7. Process

               1. Caught in the act - reinforcing process

               2. So What?

               3. When to use process as the basis for trust

         8. A recipe for online trust based on three ingredients

      References

  12. Internet Based Community Networks: Finding the Social in Social Networks

      K. Faith Lawrence

         1. Introduction

         2. Defining Community in the Age of Social Networks

         3. Visualising Community

         4. Communities, Groups and Networks

         5. Community Trust

         6. Conclusion

References