Database Systems: Models, Languages, Design And Application Programming 6th Edition Pearson International Edition

Description

Clear explanations of theory and design, broad coverage of models and real systems, and an up-to-date introduction to modern database technologies result in a leading introduction to database systems. Intended for computer science majors, Fundamentals of Database Systems, 6/e emphasizes math models, design issues, relational algebra, and relational calculus.

A lab manual and problems give students opportunities to practice the fundamentals of design and implementation. Real-world examples serve as engaging, practical illustrations of database concepts. The Sixth Edition maintains its coverage of the most popular database topics, including SQL, security, and data mining, and features increased emphasis on XML and semi-structured data.

CONTENTS:

Part 1: Introduction to Databases

Chapter 1 Databases and Database Users 3

    1.1 Introduction 4

    1.2 An Example 6

    1.3 Characteristics of the Database Approach 9

    1.4 Actors on the Scene 14

    1.5 Workers behind the Scene 16

    1.6 Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach 17

    1.7 A Brief History of Database Applications 23

    1.8 When Not to Use a DBMS 26

    1.9 Summary 27

    Review Questions 27

    Exercises 28

    Selected Bibliography 28

Chapter 2 Database System Concepts and Architecture 29

    2.1 Data Models, Schemas, and Instances 30

    2.2 Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence 33

    2.3 Database Languages and Interfaces 36

    2.4 The Database System Environment 40

    2.5 Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs 44

    2.6 Classification of Database Management Systems 49

    2.7 Summary 52

    Review Questions 53

    Exercises 54

    Selected Bibliography 55

Part 2: Relational Data Model and SQL

Chapter 3 The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints 59

    3.1 Relational Model Concepts 60

    3.2 Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas 67

    3.3 Update Operations, Transactions, and Dealing with Constraint Violations 75

    3.4 Summary 79

    Review Questions 80

    Exercises 80

    Selected Bibliography 85

Chapter 4 Basic SQL 87

    4.1 SQL Data Definition and Data Types 89

    4.2 Specifying Constraints in SQL 94

    4.3 Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL 97

    4.4 INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL 107

    4.5 Additional Features of SQL 110

    4.6 Summary 111

    Review Questions 112

    Exercises 112

    Selected Bibliography 114

Chapter 5 More SQL: Complex Queries, Triggers, Views, and Schema Modification 115

    5.1 More Complex SQL Retrieval Queries 115

    5.2 Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Actions as Triggers 131

    5.3 Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL 133

    5.4 Schema Change Statements in SQL 137

    5.5 Summary 139

    Review Questions 141

    Exercises 141

    Selected Bibliography 143

Chapter 6 The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus 145

    6.1 Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT 147

    6.2 Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory 152

    6.3 Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION 157

    6.4 Additional Relational Operations 165

    6.5 Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra 171

    6.6 The Tuple Relational Calculus 174

    6.7 The Domain Relational Calculus 183

    6.8 Summary 185

    Review Questions 186

    Exercises 187

    Laboratory Exercises 192

    Selected Bibliography 194

Part 3: Conceptual Modeling and Database Design

Chapter 7 Data Modeling Using the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model 199

    7.1 Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design 200

    7.2 A Sample Database Application 202

    7.3 Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys 203

    7.4 Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints 212

    7.5 Weak Entity Types 219

    7.6 Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database 220

    7.7 ER Diagrams, Naming Conventions, and Design Issues 221

    7.8 Example of Other Notation: UML Class Diagrams 226

    7.9 Relationship Types of Degree Higher than Two 228

    7.10 Summary 232

    Review Questions 234

    Exercises 234

    Laboratory Exercises 241

    Selected Bibliography 243

Chapter 8 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model 245

    8.1 Subclasses, Superclasses, and Inheritance 246

    8.2 Specialization and Generalization 248

    8.3 Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization Hierarchies 251

    8.4 Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories 258

    8.5 A Sample UNIVERSITY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions 260

    8.6 Example of Other Notation: Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class Diagrams 265

    8.7 Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts 267

    8.8 Summary 273

    Review Questions 273

    Exercises 274

    Laboratory Exercises 281

    Selected Bibliography 284

Chapter 9 Relational Database Design by ERand EER-to-Relational Mapping 285

    9.1 Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping 286

    9.2 Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations 294

    9.3 Summary 299

    Review Questions 299

    Exercises 299

    Laboratory Exercises 301

    Selected Bibliography 302

Chapter 10 Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams 303

    10.1 The Role of Information Systems in Organizations 304

    10.2 The Database Design and Implementation Process 309

    10.3 Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design Specification 328

    10.4 Rational Rose: A UML-Based Design Tool 337

    10.5 Automated Database Design Tools 342

    10.6 Summary 345

    Review Questions 347

    Selected Bibliography 348

Part 4: Object, Object-Relational, and XML Models

Chapter 11 Object and Object-Relational Databases 353

    11.1 Overview of Object Database Concepts 355

    11.2 Object-Relational Features: Object Database Extensions to SQL 369

    11.3 The ODMG Object Model and the Object Definition Language ODL 376

    11.4 Object Database Conceptual Design 395

    11.5 The Object Query Language OQL 398

    11.6 Overview of the C++ Language Binding in the ODMG Standard 407

    11.7 Summary 408

    Review Questions 409

    Exercises 411

    Selected Bibliography 412

Chapter 12 XML: Extensible Markup Language 415

    12.1 Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data 416

    12.2 XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model 420

    12.3 XML Documents, DTD, and XML Schema 423

    12.4 Storing and Extracting XML Documents from Databases 431

    12.5 XML Languages 432

    12.6 Extracting XML Documents from Relational Databases 436

    12.7 Summary 442

    Review Questions 442

    Exercises 443

    Selected Bibliography 443

Part 5: Database Programming Techniques

Chapter 13 Introduction to SQL Programming Techniques 447

    13.1 Database Programming: Techniques and Issues 448

    13.2 Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ 451

    13.3 Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and JDBC 464

    13.4 Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM 473

    13.5 Comparing the Three Approaches 476

    13.6 Summary 477

    Review Questions 478

    Exercises 478

    Selected Bibliography 479

Chapter 14 Web Database Programming Using PHP 481

    14.1 A Simple PHP Example 482

    14.2 Overview of Basic Features of PHP 484

    14.3 Overview of PHP Database Programming 491

    14.4 Summary 496

    Review Questions 496

    Exercises 497

    Selected Bibliography 497

Part 6: Database Normalization Theory

Chapter 15 Basics of Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases 501

    15.1 Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas 503

    15.2 Functional Dependencies 513

    15.3 Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys 516

    15.4 General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms 525

    15.5 Boyce-Codd Normal Form 529

    15.6 Multivalued Dependency and Fourth Normal Form 531

    15.7 Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form 534

    15.8 Summary 535

    Review Questions 536

    Exercises 537

    Laboratory Exercises 542

    Selected Bibliography 542

Chapter 16 Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies 543

    16.1 Further Topics in Functional Dependencies: Inference Rules, Equivalence, and Minimal Cover 545

    16.2 Properties of Relational Decompositions 551

    16.3 Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design 557

    16.4 About Nulls, Dangling Tuples, and Alternative Relational Designs 563

    16.5 Further Discussion of Multivalued Dependencies and 4NF 567

    16.6 Other Dependencies and Normal Forms 571

    16.7 Summary 575

    Review Questions 576

    Exercises 576

    Laboratory Exercises 578

    Selected Bibliography 579

Part 7: File Structures, Indexing, and Hashing

Chapter 17 Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing 583

    17.1 Introduction 584

    17.2 Secondary Storage Devices 587

    17.3 Buffering of Blocks 593

    17.4 Placing File Records on Disk 594

    17.5 Operations on Files 599

    17.6 Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files) 601

    17.7 Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files) 603

    17.8 Hashing Techniques 606

    17.9 Other Primary File Organizations 616

    17.10 Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology 617

    17.11 New Storage Systems 621

    17.12 Summary 624

    Review Questions 625

    Exercises 626

    Selected Bibliography 630

Chapter 18 Indexing Structures for Files 631

    18.1 Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes 632

    18.2 Multilevel Indexes 643

    18.3 Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees 646

    18.4 Indexes on Multiple Keys 660

    18.5 Other Types of Indexes 663

    18.6 Some General Issues Concerning Indexing 668

    18.7 Summary 670

    Review Questions 671

    Exercises 672

    Selected Bibliography 674

Part 8: Query Processing, Optimization, and Database Tuning

Chapter 19 Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization 679

    19.1 Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra 681

    19.2 Algorithms for External Sorting 682

    19.3 Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations 685

    19.4 Algorithms for PROJECT and Set Operations 696

    19.5 Implementing Aggregate Operations and OUTER JOINs 698

    19.6 Combining Operations Using Pipelining 700

    19.7 Using Heuristics in Query Optimization 700

    19.8 Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization 710

    19.9 Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle 721

    19.10 Semantic Query Optimization 722

    19.11 Summary 723

    Review Questions 723

    Exercises 724

    Selected Bibliography 725

Chapter 20 Physical Database Design and Tuning 727

    20.1 Physical Database Design in Relational Databases 727

    20.2 An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems 733

    20.3 Summary 739

    Review Questions 739

    Selected Bibliography 740

Part 9: Transaction Processing, Concurrency Control, and Recovery

Chapter 21 Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory 743

    21.1 Introduction to Transaction Processing 744

    21.2 Transaction and System Concepts 751

    21.3 Desirable Properties of Transactions 754

    21.4 Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability 755

    21.5 Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability 759

    21.6 Transaction Support in SQL 770

    21.7 Summary 772

    Review Questions 772

    Exercises 773

    Selected Bibliography 775

Chapter 22 Concurrency Control Techniques 777

    22.1 Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control 778

    22.2 Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering 788

    22.3 Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques 791

    22.4 Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques 794

    22.5 Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking 795

    22.6 Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes 798

    22.7 Other Concurrency Control Issues 800

    22.8 Summary 802

    Review Questions 803

    Exercises 804

    Selected Bibliography 804

Chapter 23 Database Recovery Techniques 807

    23.1 Recovery Concepts 808

    23.2 NO-UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Deferred Update 815

    23.3 Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update 817

    23.4 Shadow Paging 820

    23.5 The ARIES Recovery Algorithm 821

    23.6 Recovery in Multidatabase Systems 825

    23.7 Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures 826

    23.8 Summary 827

    Review Questions 828

    Exercises 829

    Selected Bibliography 832

Part 10: Additional Database Topics: Security and Distribution

Chapter 24 Database Security 835

    24.1 Introduction to Database Security Issues 836

    24.2 Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges 842

    24.3 Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security 847

    24.4 SQL Injection 855

    24.5 Introduction to Statistical Database Security 859

    24.6 Introduction to Flow Control 860

    24.7 Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures 862

    24.8 Privacy Issues and Preservation 866

    24.9 Challenges of Database Security 867

    24.10 Oracle Label-Based Security 868

    24.11 Summary 870

    Review Questions 872

    Exercises 873

    Selected Bibliography 874

Chapter 25 Distributed Databases 877

    25.1 Distributed Database Concepts 878

    25.2 Types of Distributed Database Systems 883

    25.3 Distributed Database Architectures 887

    25.4 Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design 894

    25.5 Query Processing and Optimization in Distributed Databases 901

    25.6 Overview of Transaction Management in Distributed Databases 907

    25.7 Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases 909

    25.8 Distributed Catalog Management 913

    25.9 Current Trends in Distributed Databases 914

    25.10 Distributed Databases in Oracle 915

    25.11 Summary 919

    Review Questions 921

    Exercises 922

    Selected Bibliography 924

Part 11: Advanced Database Models, Systems, and Applications

Chapter 26 Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications 931

    26.1 Active Database Concepts and Triggers 933

    26.2 Temporal Database Concepts 943

    26.3 Spatial Database Concepts 957

    26.4 Multimedia Database Concepts 965

    26.5 Introduction to Deductive Databases 970

    26.6 Summary 983

    Review Questions 985

    Exercises 986

    Selected Bibliography 989

Chapter 27 Introduction to Information Retrieval and Web Search 993

    27.1 Information Retrieval (IR) Concepts 994

    27.2 Retrieval Models 1001

    27.3 Types of Queries in IR Systems 1007

    27.4 Text Preprocessing 1009

    27.5 Inverted Indexing 1012

    27.6 Evaluation Measures of Search Relevance 1014

    27.7 Web Search and Analysis 1018

    27.8 Trends in Information Retrieval 1028

    27.9 Summary 1030

    Review Questions 1031

    Selected Bibliography 1033

Chapter 28 Data Mining Concepts 1035

    28.1 Overview of Data Mining Technology 1036

    28.2 Association Rules 1039

    28.3 Classification 1051

    28.4 Clustering 1054

    28.5 Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems 1057

    28.6 Applications of Data Mining 1060

    28.7 Commercial Data Mining Tools 1060

    28.8 Summary 1063

    Review Questions 1063

    Exercises 1064

    Selected Bibliography 1065

Chapter 29 Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP 1067

    29.1 Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology 1067

    29.2 Characteristics of Data Warehouses 1069

    29.3 Data Modeling for Data Warehouses 1070

    29.4 Building a Data Warehouse 1075

    29.5 Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse 1078

    29.6 Data Warehouse versus Views 1079

    29.7 Difficulties of Implementing Data Warehouses 1080

    29.8 Summary 1081

    Review Questions 1081

    Selected Bibliography 1082

Appendix A Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models 1083

Appendix B Parameters of Disks 1087

Appendix C Overview of the QBE Language 1091

    C.1 Basic Retrievals in QBE 1091

    C.2 Grouping, Aggregation, and Database Modification in QBE 1095

Appendix D Overview of the Hierarchical Data Model (located on the Companion Website at http://www.aw.com/elmasri)

Appendix E Overview of the Network Data Model (located on the Companion Website at http://www.aw.com/elmasri)

Selected Bibliography 1099

Index 1133

*An access code for the Companion Website is included with each new textbook purchase of Fundamentals of Database Systems, 6/e